Adolf Hitler: How Could a Monster Succeed in
Blinding a Nation?
By Alice Miller, Ph.D.
"What good fortune for those in power that people
do not think."
- Adolf Hitler, as quoted by Joachim Fest
Is it still possible in today's Germany to escape the realization
that without the mistreatment of children, without a form of
child-rearing based on violence to inculcate blind obedience, there
would not have been a Hitler and his followers? And thus not millions of
murdered victims either? Probably every thinking person in the post-war
period has wondered at some time or other how it could have happened
that a human being devised a gigantic machinery of death and found
millions of helpers to set it in motion.
Yet the monster Adolf Hitler, murderer of millions, master of
destruction and organized insanity, did not come into the world as a
monster. He was not sent to earth by the devil, as some people think,
nor was he sent by heaven to "bring order" to Germany, to give
the country the autobahn and rescue it from its economic crisis, as many
others still believe. Neither was he born with "destructive
drives", because there are no such things. Our biological mission
is to preserve life, not to destroy It. Human destructiveness Is never
inborn, and inherited traits are neither good nor evil. How they develop
depends on one's character, which is formed In the course of one's life,
and the nature of which depends, in turn, on the experiences one has,
above all, in childhood and adolescence, and on the decisions one makes
as an adult.
Like every other child, Hitler was born innocent, only to be raised,
as were many children at the time, in a destructive fashion by his
parents and later to make himself into a monster. He was the survivor of
a machinery of annihilation that in turn-of-the-century Germany was
called "child-rearing" and that I call "the
concealed concentration camp of childhood," which is never allowed
to be recognized for what it is.
I have described in detail how he made this concealed horror manifest
in his Third Reich in my book For Your Own Good: Hidden cruelty in
Child-Rearing and the Roots of Violence (Farrar Straus Giroux, 1983)
and In my other books, for example, Banished Knowledge and The
Untouched Key (both published by Doubleday). There the reader will
also find a detailed line of reasoning to support everything which, for
reasons of space, I can only allude to here in a very abridged way.
In order not to die, all mistreated children must totally repress the
mistreatment, deprivation, and bewilderment they have undergone because
otherwise the child's organism wouldn't be able to cope with the
magnitude of the pain suffered. Only as adults do they have other
possibilities for dealing with their feelings. If they don't make use of
these possibilities, then what was once the life-saving function of
repression can be transformed Into a dangerous destructive, and
self-destructive force. In the careers of despots such as Hitler and
Stalin, their suppressed fantasies of revenge can lead to indescribable
atrocities. This phenomenon doesn't exist anywhere in the entire animal
kingdom, for no animal is trained by its parents to deny its nature
completely in order to become a "well-behaved" animal - only
human beings act In such a destructive way. According to the reports of
Nazi criminals (and also of soldiers who volunteered to fight in
Vietnam), their unconscious programming to be violent began in every
case with a brutal upbringing that demanded absolute obedience and
expressed total contempt for the child. I know of no example of this
which is so well-documented and which demonstrates so clearly the
consequences of the psychological murder of children - bringing along
with it a form of collective blindness - than the fateful success of
Adolf Hitler.
The Führer once told his secretary that during one of the regular
beatings given him by his father he was able to stop crying, to feel
nothing, and even to count the thirty-two blows he received.
In this way, by totally denying his pain, his feelings of
powerlessness, and his despair- in other words, by denying the truth -
Hitler made himself into a master of violence and of contempt for human
beings. The result was a very primitive person, incapable of any empathy
for other people. He was mercilessly and constantly driven to new
destructive acts by his latent feelings of hatred and revenge. After
millions had been forced to die for this reason, those feelings still
haunted him in his sleep. Hermann Rauschning reports nocturnal paroxysms
of screaming on the Führer's part, along with "inexplicable
counting", which I trace back to the counting he did during the
beatings of his childhood. Hitler did not invent fascism; he found it,
like so many of his contemporaries) prefigured in the totalitarian
regime of his family. The National Socialist version of fascism,
however, does bear unmistakable traces of Hitler's childhood. But his
early experience was by no means an exception. Thus, neither Gerhart
Hauptmann nor Martin Heidegger nor many other celebrated intellects of
the day were able to see through Hitler's madness. To do so, they would
have had to be able to see through the madness of their own upbringing.
Hitler could make Europe and the world into the battlefield of his
childhood because in the Germany of that time there were millions of
people who had experienced the same kind of upbringing he had. Although
not necessarily conscious of the fact, they took the following
principles to be self-evident:
- Not life but order and obedience are the highest values.
- Only by means of violence can order be created and preserved.
- Creativity (embodied in the child) represents a danger for the
adult and must be destroyed.
- Obeying one's father absolutely is the highest law.
- Disobedience and criticism are unthinkable because they are
punished with beatings or the threat of death.
- The living, vital child must be turned as early as possible into
an obedient robot, a slave.
- Undesirable feelings and real needs must therefore be suppressed
as vigorously as possible.
- Mothers must never protect their children from punishment by the
father but after each incidence of torture must preach to them to
honor and love their parents.
Fortunately, there were persons now and again with whom a child could
find refuge from this totalitarian regime, and perhaps even experience
love, respect, and protection. On the basis of these good experiences,
even simply on the basis of the comparison they provided, a child could
at least pass inward judgment on the cruelty endured and not want to
inflict it in turn later on. But when there were no witnesses to come to
the rescue, the child had no choice in this bizarre scenario but to
stifle every natural reflex such as anger or even laughter, and to
practice absolute obedience daily in order to keep the father's menacing
behavior within bearable limits. It was this kind of early character
training that Hitler was later able to exploit. In strict accordance
with this system of child-rearing he then developed his Nazi ideology,
which had the following practical consequences:
- The will of the Führer is the highest law.
- The Führer will forcibly create order and make Germany into the
paradise of the Aryans, the master race.
- Those who submit like robots to his orders will be rewarded.
- Whoever dares to offer criticism will be sent to a concentration
camp.
- Jews and gypsies must be annihilated - men, women and children.
- The disabled and mentally ill are likewise to be put to death.
- Poles and Russians are fit to become useful slaves.
- Free art is dangerous and "degenerate"; like every other
form of free creativity, It must be persecuted.
Without the numerous documentary films that attest to the frenzied
acclaim Hitler received, no one today would believe that a madman with
this ideology of contempt for human beings could generate so much
enthusiasm. How was it at all possible that Hitler found such an immense
number of followers? By promising his people a solution to all their
problems and by offering them a scapegoat? Certainly. But that alone
would not have been enough. In order to use untold numbers of people as
marionettes, he had to make his promises in the style of the
domineering, violent father most of his followers knew, feared, and
admired.
From the history of human sacrifice - from cannibalism to the Aztecs
- we can learn how some religions have sanctified such acts in order to
exonerate parents' crimes against their children. Whoever reads this
history with open eyes is struck again and again by the same pattern:
"If I do to others what was once done to me, then I don't need to
feel all the pain I would otherwise have to experience. If I put
everything in ideological or religious packaging and repeat all the lies
those around me have been taught to believe, I will have many followers.
If, in addition, I - like Hitler - make use of my acting talent and
imitate the manner of the threatening father whom almost everyone once
believed blindly and absolutely and whom everyone feared, then I'll be
able to find countless helpers for every conceivable crime - all the
more easily, the more absurd the crime."
The famous Milgram experiment, in which participants complied with
instructions given by an authority figure to administer electric shocks
of increasing intensity to other participants, has proved this very
convincingly. For many adults, formerly obedient children, are just
waiting for a legal form of discharge of the rage they pent up decades
earlier. In the mistreatment of their own children, known as
"child-rearing," or in wars and genocide, society offers them
this discharge and the culturally specific label to go with it.
What point is there for us today in learning about Hitler and his
history? For me, the main point is this: our knowledge will serve as a
warning against our blindness and encourage us to give it up once and
for all and to struggle against collective repression. This is what I do
consistently in all my books in order to help people understand the
psychodynamics of the mistreatment of children and its immeasurable
danger for society, as demonstrated by Hitler's case. My explanations
are by no means intended to suggest pity for a man as merciless as
Hitler.
it was in large part owing to Hitler and his history that I became
aware of the dangers of our traditional morality. We are exhorted
to honor our parents and never question them no matter what they have
done. Yet when I realize that millions of human beings had to die so
that Adolf Hitler could keep his repression of childhood trauma intact,
that millions were subjected to humiliation in concentration camps so
that he never had to recognize how he had once been humiliated, then I
believe that one can't point out these connections often enough in order
to shed light on this unconscious production of evil. How should young
people be expected to recognize and reject inhumanity and crime if these
continue to be disguised instead of being pointed out as plainly as
possible? Only when young people are permitted to know exactly
what happened and how it could happen, only if they don't allow anything
to stifle their curiosity and are not afraid of the truth, can they free
themselves from the burden placed upon them by their forebears'
blindness.
If Hitler's name Is no longer taboo in Germany, then these findings
will also be able to bring new knowledge to light and create a new
stimulus to understanding. The greatest obstacle In this regard is to
deny the mistreatment one suffered as a child and to defend oneself
against it at the expense of others: of children, of subordinates of
partners, or of voters. As recently as 1997, more than half of the
parents in West Germany were in favor of corporal punishment as a means
of bringing up children - in spite of the many years of effort on the
part of the Child Protection League to enlighten the public. Where does
this persistent lack of awareness stem from? Why don't these parents
know that physical or - as the case may be - psychological punishment
constitutes degradation and mistreatment of children and always, sooner
or later, has destructive consequences, whether visible or concealed?
Why don't they know that with their demonstrably false claim that
striking children is absolutely necessary and completely harmless they
are affirming, preserving, and perpetuating a destructive tradition?
They don't know this because they are familiar from their own
experience only with this form of child-rearing and had to
learn at an early age to regard it as normal and harmless. In their
eyes, violent methods are the only effective corrective for a child's
behavior. For this reason, they construct complicated theories to
explain Nazi Germany's murder of millions. That seems easier to them
than to experience the pain and degradation they once felt at being
beaten as children even though this could unlock the door to awareness,
an awareness that would protect their children from mistreatment and
themselves from their blindness as parents and voters. If they are in
government, then their awareness would perhaps also save entire nations
from wars and other senseless sacrifices. Countless human beings have
already been killed in wars whose instigators didn't want to realize
they were carrying dynamite which they were constantly trying to get rid
of at the expense of other people in order to take revenge for old,
highly personal wounds. Faced with even the merest possibility of a
nuclear war, we must not allow ourselves to ignore this knowledge any
longer. And yet we do just that: innumerable experts and officials
occupy themselves daily and hourly with the consequences of child abuse
without being able to know and see these consequences for what they are.
Even the most macabre childhood doesn't exonerate a criminal from the
guilt that consists in his destruction of life. As an adult he has the
opportunity of confronting his childhood, of not denying the horror he
endured then, of experiencing the hatred that was repressed and
understanding its justification. Hatred experienced consciously
Is only a feeling, and feelings don't kill. But destructive actions
blindly directed at ersatz objects are deeds which can cost human
beings their lives and for which the perpetrator must bear the blame.
Perhaps our grandchildren will be able to say; "What good
fortune that we weren't beaten like our grandparents and now are able to
see things much more clearly than they did. If being beaten in childhood
had been harmless, they wouldn't have been blind to Hitler's contempt
for human beings; they would have seen through it immediately and
rejected it, as our children do when confronted with acts of cruelty.
Children who are permitted to defend themselves don't become
destructive. It Is evident that destructiveness is not the inevitable
fate of humankind, for the loving treatment of children could banish it
from the world. The "destructive drive" slumbers in children
who were once mistreated and who later don't want to know what happened
to them in their past. We ourselves have no need to strike our
defenseless children; we can't even imagine doing that, even when we're
tired and have no patience for their questions. After all, there are so
many other ways to treat children that are truly productive, respectful,
and not destructive.
It is just as impossible for us to imagine having been fascinated by
a Hitler. People who were treated with respect as children, who weren't
drilled to become robots with the aid of mistreatment, will never want
to die out of "faithfulness to the Führer" or send thousands
of human beings to Stalingrad against all reason just because some
madman planned it. But Hitler's generals stood at attention In the
Fürher's headquarters, and all counter-arguments dissolved into fear
and mental paralysis or, on the other hand, into enthusiasm when they
heard him (the father) speak. This disastrous political blindness
that cost millions of people their lives proves conclusively what our
grandparents so hotly denied: that in every case, physical as
well as psychological abuse of the child is not only harmful but highly
dangerous. Not only for the individual but under certain circumstances
for whole nations.
See also:
"Punishment
Does Not Work"
© Alice Miller, 1998. Reprinted with permission of the
author.
Translated by Hildegarde and Hunter Hannum. Originally published
in Spiegel.
Reprinting of any part of this article is
allowed only by the express written permission of Alice
Miller.